Sovereign · Asia · Eastern Asia

China

What NATDAQ unlocks for the country — the asset stays sovereign, participating farmers and communities receive a defined share of the cashflow, and institutions take an equitable share alongside them. Per-asset economics, jobs, GDP uplift, and rural-economy impact across 1, 5, 10 and 25-year horizons.

ISO CHNDeveloped market← All sovereigns

Economic finance

$757.4bn

Total NATDAQ-channel financing, 25-year horizon

Finance income

$31bn

Annual sovereign cashflow (Conservation + MSW)

Materials

$1.7tn

Cumulative timber value, 25-year horizon

Carbon

$27.2bn

Creditable flux NPV · 12 GtCO₂e stock

QG value

2.7m jobs · $1.8tn GDP

Quantitative growth contribution, 25y

Asset class · Conservation

15.6% of China's land is under protection.

The Conservation Note is priced at a sovereign-floor of $100/ha/year, written on a 20-year tenor. Stacking a new tranche each year creates permanent conservation funding. Revenue is generated 50% from sustainable forestry within the conserved estate and 50% from ecosystem-service outcomes — carbon, ESG, SDG, CSR, water, and sustainability programmes.

Protected area

1.5m km²

146,456,092 ha

Sovereign floor

$100/ha/yr

Auditable line-by-hectare

Annual sovereign revenue

$14.6bn

Across 146,456,092 ha

Note tenor

20-year

Stack annually for permanent conservation

Note PV per stack

$182.5bn

One annual issuance

Forestry component

$7.3bn

50% of annual revenue

Ecosystem outcome component

$7.3bn

50% — carbon · ESG · SDG · CSR · water

Direct management jobs

292.9k

Rangers + protected-area staff

Total jobs (incl. indirect)

439.4k

Including downstream

GDP uplift (25y)

$456.3bn

Sovereign multiplier applied

Marine PA share

4.8%

Of territorial waters

Asset class · Forestry

2.2m km² of forest. 23.4% of China.

Each Tree Note is sized as a defined fraction of the projected harvest value of its species over the rotation period. The majority of note proceeds flows directly to participating farmers as working capital ahead of harvest; the farmer also retains a fixed share of the harvest revenue at maturity. The structure is designed so capital reaches the ground, not administrative overhead.

Top 25 tree species — current and forecast value

Top 25 catalogue: full per-tree fill is researcher commission (see methodology)

Species	Area (km²)	Current annual market	Future market (25y)	Tree Note value	QG market value	Rotation (y)	Data
Plantation pine Pinus massoniana / patula	200,000	$10bn	$250bn	$240bn	$552bn	25	Deep
Chinese fir / sha mu Cunninghamia lanceolata	110,000	$9.9bn	$247.5bn	$211.2bn	$485.8bn	25	Indicative
Eucalyptus (S China) Eucalyptus urophylla	45,000	$6.2bn	$155.3bn	$108bn	$248.4bn	6	Indicative
Masson pine Pinus massoniana	100,000	$4.8bn	$120bn	$104bn	$239.2bn	30	Indicative
Sugi Cryptomeria japonica	80,000	$4.5bn	$112bn	$104bn	$239.2bn	40	Deep
Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa	70,000	$4.1bn	$102.9bn	$83.3bn	$191.6bn	12	Indicative
Paulownia / kiri Paulownia tomentosa	18,000	$3.9bn	$97.2bn	$77.8bn	$178.8bn	12	Indicative
Chinese red pine Pinus tabuliformis	60,000	$1.7bn	$43.5bn	$37.5bn	$86.3bn	35	Indicative
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia	30,000	$1.7bn	$42bn	$36bn	$82.8bn	30	Indicative
Mongolian oak Quercus mongolica	45,000	$1.6bn	$40.5bn	$36bn	$82.8bn	120	Indicative
Dahurian larch Larix gmelinii	90,000	$1.5bn	$37.8bn	$32.4bn	$74.5bn	100	Indicative
Yunnan pine Pinus yunnanensis	50,000	$1.5bn	$36.3bn	$31.3bn	$71.9bn	40	Indicative
Asian white birch Betula platyphylla	60,000	$1.4bn	$36bn	$32.4bn	$74.5bn	60	Indicative
Prince Rupprecht larch Larix principis-rupprechtii	40,000	$1.2bn	$30bn	$26bn	$59.8bn	60	Indicative
Sawtooth oak Quercus acutissima	25,000	$1.2bn	$30bn	$26.3bn	$60.4bn	90	Indicative
Korean pine Pinus koraiensis	35,000	$1.2bn	$28.9bn	$25.2bn	$58bn	120	Indicative
Camphor laurel Cinnamomum camphora	12,000	$1.1bn	$26.4bn	$22.8bn	$52.4bn	60	Indicative
Nanmu / phoebe Phoebe zhennan	4,000	$960m	$24bn	$24bn	$55.2bn	120	Indicative
Manchurian catalpa Catalpa bungei	6,000	$900m	$22.5bn	$19.5bn	$44.9bn	50	Indicative
Chinese mahogany / toon Toona ciliata	5,000	$840m	$21bn	$18bn	$41.4bn	45	Indicative
Teak (Yunnan/Hainan) Tectona grandis	2,000	$800m	$20bn	$16bn	$36.8bn	40	Indicative
North China pine (high alt) Pinus tabuliformis	35,000	$784m	$19.6bn	$17.2bn	$39.4bn	40	Indicative
Armand pine Pinus armandii	25,000	$650m	$16.3bn	$14bn	$32.2bn	50	Indicative
Red-flowered chinkapin Castanopsis hystrix	9,000	$585m	$14.6bn	$12.6bn	$29bn	60	Indicative
Dragon spruce Picea asperata	30,000	$540m	$13.5bn	$11.7bn	$26.9bn	90	Indicative

Current annual market: area × yield × ex-farm price. Future market (25y): sustained-yield total ex-farm value. Tree Note value: sovereign-grade financing the species can support, computed under the EPC structuring model. QG market value: economic contribution to GDP (multiplier applied). CITES II species carry a trade restriction — permit chain-of-custody is required before they can list as freely-tradeable inventory. Per-species areas are planning-grade modelled estimates from national inventory species-composition shares; prices are mid-points of live ranges (tropical hardwood moves 20–40% intra-year on ITTO reports).

Cumulative harvest value (25y)

$1.7tn

Future ex-farm value, all species

Tree Note financing unlocked

$344bn

Sovereign-grade institutional capital

Operational capital deployed

$275.2bn

On-the-ground programme spend

Farmer total

$392.2bn

Working capital + harvest revenue

Direct forestry jobs

660.5k

Mechanised silviculture profile

Indirect jobs

990.7k

Sawmill, pulp, panel, transport

GDP uplift (25y)

$791.2bn

Sovereign multiplier applied

Forest trend (decade)

+2.06 pp

2010-2020

Carbon · Flux-based, not stock-priced

China's forest carbon — the flux is the asset.

China's forests hold 12 GtCO₂e. The forest is a net sink of 290 MtCO₂e/yr — the channel monetises the incremental sequestration beyond business-as-usual. A carbon credit monetises the annual flux, not the standing stock. We report the recurring credit stream and the one-off stock asset value separately, and price against the CCP-labelled nature-based band — explicitly not the EU ETS compliance price.

Recurring credit revenue (the financeable stream)

Addressable flux

290 MtCO₂e/yr

Incremental sink

Additionality factor

40%

Conservative — only beyond BAU is creditable

Buffer + leakage

−17% / −9%

mixed biome (Verra non-permanence + leakage)

Net creditable flux

87.6 MtCO₂e/yr

≈ 0.4 tCO₂e/ha/yr

Nature credit band

$15–35/tCO₂

CCP-labelled nature-based (NOT EU ETS)

Annual credit revenue

$1.9bn

At band mid, net of verification cost

Recurring credit NPV

$27.2bn

25y discounted at 5%

Carbon price as-of

2026-05-01

Refreshed daily when feed connected

Stock asset value (one-off balance-sheet figure — NOT credit income)

Forest carbon stock

12 GtCO₂e

Biomass + soil organic carbon

Stock asset value

$30bn

Band mid, deeply haircut (stock is not saleable)

EU ETS (macro context only)

€75/tCO₂

Compliance market — not used to value forest credits

Method: creditable flux = (project sequestration − baseline) × (1 − leakage) × (1 − buffer), valued as a discounted multi-year cash-flow (IPCC 2019; Verra VM0048 / AFOLU non-permanence tool; ART-TREES; Griscom et al. 2017). Carbon revenue is one component of the Conservation Note's 50% ecosystem-outcome share, alongside ESG, SDG, CSR, water, and sustainability. Stock data: Pan et al. 2024; large managed-forest sink from afforestation programmes.. Nature-credit price: CCP-labelled nature-based credit band (Verra VM0048 floor + ICVCM premium) (as of 2026-05-01). No live carbon tick is displayed — there is no licence-clean free real-time feed; figures are documented references refreshed on a defined cadence.

Material change · China's economic trajectory

With NATDAQ vs without.

China's baseline trajectory compounds at 5.0% real GDP growth and 0.0% employment growth — the dashed lines below. The solid lines add the NATDAQ-channel contribution over a 25-year build.

Real GDP, USD trillions

Baseline (5.0% YoY)Baseline + NATDAQ channel

Y25 delta: +$1.8T (+3.0%)

Baseline compounded from 2024 GDP at the country's published real growth rate. NATDAQ contribution is the 25-year cumulative GDP uplift, ramped across the horizon.

Total employment, millions

Baseline (0.0% YoY)Baseline + NATDAQ jobs

Y25 delta: +2.7m (+0.4%)

Baseline employment compounded at the country's published rate. NATDAQ contribution is direct + indirect jobs ramped to steady-state over the horizon. Current agricultural workforce: 170.00m.

Baseline data: World Bank WDI 2024 / national statistical offices. NATDAQ contribution derived from the country's natural-capital programme scale and EPC's structuring model. Refresh against latest national accounts before public quotation. Methodology and full assumption registry on the methodology page.

Future timber · Domestic vs export

Where the wood goes — and the value with it.

Tree Note proceeds expand the forested estate; the future harvest serves the domestic processing economy and generates export earnings. China's current trade profile sets the directional split.

Current roundwood production

119M m³/yr

Reporting year 2023

Domestic consumption

100%

Sawnwood, pulp, panels for home market

Export share

Raw + processed wood-equivalent

Top destinations

— · — · —

Future domestic value (25y)

$1.7tn

Harvest value retained in country

Future export value (25y)

Hard-currency earnings

Total cumulative harvest (25y)

$1.7tn

All Tree Note species combined

Trade balance impact

Domestic

Through forestry channel alone

Domestic / export split is the country's current profile applied to the future harvest. As Tree Note proceeds scale plantation area, the absolute value of both columns grows; the split itself can be re-engineered through downstream processing investment funded by the same channel.

Asset class · Municipal Solid Waste

210m t of MSW per year. 152 kg per capita.

The MSW Note securitises a defined sovereign-floor share of the recoverable waste-stream revenue — gate fees, post-sort commodities, and energy recovery — discounted to a 25-year tenor. Capital flows into collection, sorting and processing infrastructure; the income stream funds the note.

Annual generation

210m t

Collection rate

96.0%

Recycling rate

22.0%

Recoverable value

$130/t

Blended gate + commodity + energy

Annual recoverable

$27.3bn

MSW Note PV

$230.9bn

25-year tenor, sovereign-grade

Direct jobs

126k

Collection, sort, transfer, landfill

Indirect jobs

525k

Recycling, EfW, remanufacturing

Quantitative Growth Forecast

What NATDAQ unlocks for China.

Aggregate financing, jobs, and GDP uplift across all four asset classes over four time horizons. All figures derive from the same model assumptions and sources documented in the methodology footer.

Horizon	Financing unlocked	Operational capital	Direct jobs	Indirect jobs	Total jobs	GDP uplift	% of country GDP	Farmer total
1-year	$427.1bn	$341.7bn	1.1m	1.7m	2.7m	$1.1tn	5.92%	$15.7bn
5-year	$482.2bn	$385.7bn	1.1m	1.7m	2.7m	$1.2tn	6.62%	$78.4bn
10-year	$551bn	$440.8bn	1.1m	1.7m	2.7m	$1.3tn	7.50%	$156.9bn
25-year	$757.4bn	$605.9bn	1.1m	1.7m	2.7m	$1.8tn	10.14%	$392.2bn

Channel finance · Farmer impact

The farmer's share.

Participating farmers and community land-holders receive working capital upfront — at planting — plus a defined harvest revenue share at maturity. The structure deploys capital to the ground, not into administrative overhead.

Working capital upfront

$220.2bn

Paid at planting

Harvest revenue

$172bn

Paid at harvest

Lifetime farmer total

$392.2bn

Participating households

560k

Estimated land-holders

Rural-economy spending

$396.3bn

Downstream local consumption

Total jobs (full chain)

2.7m

Post-farming employment

A landing pad for the rural economy.

Traditional agriculture is shrinking under automation, climate pressure, and consolidation. The NATDAQ channel creates skilled rural employment in forestry, conservation management, and waste recovery — work that absorbs displaced farm labour and adds capacity beyond current ag headcount.

Current agricultural workforce

170.00m

22.6% of total employment, 2022

NATDAQ channel — direct jobs (25y)

1.1m

1% of current ag workforce

NATDAQ channel — total jobs (25y)

2.7m

2% of current ag workforce

Reading this

China's on-farm workforce of 170.00m faces structural decline. The channel does not displace those workers — it offers a complementary skilled employment stream in plantation establishment, silviculture, ranger management, sorting infrastructure, and processing. ILO modelled; NBS total emp ~733m.

Returns benchmark · Profit, not cost

Sustainability through profit, not cost.

Institutions participating in the China Tree Note take an equitable share of the cashflow — alongside participating farmers and the sovereign. The cashflow share sits against the same return benchmarks as a corporate equity allocation, and uniquely also delivers sustainability metrics, brand value, and shareholder value through profit, not through the cost line.

Benchmark	Annualised return	Source
NATDAQ Tree Note (this country, sovereign-grade)	6.2%	Annualised investor cashflow share
Tesco PLC — operating margin on turnover	4.9%	FY25
Tesco PLC — Return on Capital Employed	14.6%	FY24/25
US broad market — Return on Invested Capital	10.1%	Damodaran Jan 2026
US Paper / Forest Products — ROIC	10.4%	Damodaran Jan 2026
US Farming / Agriculture — ROIC	7.7%	Damodaran Jan 2026
US REITs (yield comparator) — ROIC	3.7%	Damodaran Jan 2026
Sustainable timber funds — historical net IRR	5.9%	GIIN benchmark

ROCE / ROIC reflect each benchmark's published return on capital. The NATDAQ Tree Note figure is the projected annualised investor cashflow share — institutions participate in an equitable share of the cashflow, alongside the participating farmers and the sovereign. Past performance is not indicative of future results; figures are illustrative for institutional discussion.

Cross-channel · Litdaq

Litigation finance channel.

China is rated developing on the EPC Litdaq market-depth scale. The cross-channel position lets a sovereign issuer monetise commercial litigation cashflows through the same EPC institutional framework as natural-capital notes.

Market depth

Developing

Legal services / GDP

0.9%

Notes

Massive caseload; restrictive funding regime today.

The only venue that does this

No other exchange coordinates this trade and data.

Sovereign natural-capital programmes have historically been financed bilaterally — bank by bank, project by project, with no common pricing surface and no institutional secondary market. NATDAQ is the only venue that lists sovereign-grade conservation, forestry, MSW, and litigation finance instruments on a single coordinated, AiGLe-graded surface — with a published per-country dataset, a structuring model that links natural assets to financeable cashflows, and a consistent institutional disclosure standard.

The asset stays on the sovereign balance sheet. The data stays sovereign. Only the cashflow rights are securitised. That coordination is the product.

Forecastable note value

Project China Tree Note value over time →

How a China Tree Note appreciates across rotation cycles, with biological mass accretion and harvest-cycle revenue marks. Year-by-year projection on a separate page to keep this brief tight.

Open projection →

Approach & sources

How the figures are produced

All financing, jobs and GDP figures are produced by the NATDAQ structuring model — proprietary to EPC Holdings — applied to the country's natural-capital dataset. The model derives Tree Note, Conservation Note, and MSW Note pricing from species, biome, and waste-stream characteristics, and projects on-the-ground capital deployment, sustained employment, and GDP uplift over the note tenor.

Notes are AiGLe-graded prior to listing. The senior sovereign tranche of every NATDAQ-listed instrument is graded under AiGLe's published Four-Pillar analytical framework.

Primary input sources

Forest area & change: FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020.
Protected area share: World Bank / Protected Planet (UNEP-WCMC).
MSW: World Bank What a Waste 2.0; Eurostat for European countries.
Sectoral employment intensity: FAO Forest Sector Outlook; ILO sectoral briefs.
Ecosystem-service value: de Groot et al. 2012; Costanza et al. 2014.
Sovereign multiplier: IMF Fiscal Monitor / IMF WP 20/199.

Per-species market values are indicative ranges from ITTO and FAO sectoral data. Country-specific figures are refined under EPC's structuring engagement prior to issuance. Full structuring methodology and the NATDAQ rulebook are available to qualified institutional counterparties under NDA.

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